Peopod

CASE: III Peapod Online Grocery—2003 The online grocery turned out to be a lot tougher than analysts thought a few years ago. Many of the early online grocers, including Webvan, ShopLink, StreamLine, Kosmom, Homeruns, and PDQuick, went bankrupt and out of business. At one time, Webvan had 46 percent of the online grocery business, but it still wasn’t profitable enough to survive. The new business model for online grocers is to be part of an existing brick-and-mortar chain. Large grocery chains, like Safeway and Albertson’s, are experiencing sales growth in their online business but have yet to turn a profit.Jupiter Research estimates that online grocery sales will be over $5 billion by 2007, about 1 percent of all grocery sales, while it expects more than 5 percent of all retail sales to be online by then. A few years ago, optimistic analysts estimated online grocery sales would be 10 to 20 times that by 2005, but it didn’t work out that way. One of the fe w online grocers to survive in 2003 is Peapod, the first online grocer, started by brothers Andrew and Thomas Parkinson in 1990.However, even Peapod was failing until 2001 when Dutch grocery giant Royal Ahold purchased controlling interest in the company for $73 million. Peapod operates in five markets, mainly by closely affiliating itself with Ahold-owned grocery chains. Peapod by Giant is in the Washington, DC, area, while Peapod by Stop and Shop runs in Boston, New York, and Connecticut. The exception is Chicago, where Peapod operates without an affiliation with a local grocery chain. Peapod executives claim the company is growing by 25 percent annually and has 130,000 customers, and all of its markets except Connecticut are profitable.Average order size is up to $143 from $106 three years earlier. The online grocery business seemed like a sure winner in the 1990s. Dual-income families strapped for time could simply go online to do their grocery shopping. They has about the same choices of products that they would have had if they went to a brick-and-mortar grocery, about 20,000 SKUs (stockkeeping units). They could browse the â€Å"aisles† on their home computers and place orders via computer, fax or telephone. The orders were filled at ffiliated stores and delivered to their homes in a 90-minute window, saving them time and effort and simplifying their daily lives. For all this convenience, consumers were willing to pay a monthly fee and a fee per order for packaging, shipping, and delivery. Since most of the products purchased were well-known branded items, consumer faced little risk in buying their traditional foodstuffs. Even perishables like produce and meat could be counted on to be high quality, and if consumers were concerned, they could make a quick trip to a brick-and-mortar grocery for these selections.However, while all of this sounded good, most consumers didn’t change their grocery shopping habits to take advantage of the online alternative. Currently analysts do not expect the online grocery industry to take off in the near future, if ever. Miles Cook of Bain & Company estimates that only 8 to 10 percent of U. S. consumers will find ordering groceries online appealing, but only about 1 percent will ever do so. He concludes: â€Å"This is going to remain a niche offering in a few markets. It’s not going to be a national mainstream offering. Jupiter Media Metrix analyst Ken Cassar concludes that â€Å"The moral of the story is that the ability to build a better mousetrap must be measured against consumers’ willingness to buy it. † Question: 1. What behaviors are involved in online grocery shopping? How does online shopping compare with traditional shopping in terms of behavioral effort? 2. What types of consumers are likely to value online grocery shopping from Peapod? 3. Overall, what do you think about the idea of online grocery shopping? How does it compare with simply eating in res taurants and avoiding grocery shopping and cooking altogether?

Management Information System Project Essay

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all, I am thankful to God, because without him nothing would be possible. Without him, I would not have the strength and vigor to complete this project. I am also thankful to the lecturer, Mrs. Merlene Senior, for giving us this project to do and challenging us with it, and using it to help us increase our knowledge and to understand Management Information System to a further dept. INTRODUCTION Juici Patties started in 1980, by Jukie Chin, as a cottage industry. It was manufactured in his mother’s kitchen and sold in the family’s small grocery store. The demand for Chin’s product soon started to grow and grow steadily each day, which then lead him to establish the first Juici Patties Store in May Pen, Clarendon. The staff included one baker, a cashier, and Juckie, playing more than role. Juici’s men grew to include over fifty products comprising of different types of patties (chicken, shrimp, lobster, cheese and many more), soups ( red peas, chicken, beef, many more), porridges( peanut, cornmeal harmony, and etc.), and traditional Jamaican Breakfast dishes ( ackee n saltfish, green bananas, dumplings, stew chicken, liver, callaloo, many more). Juici became one of the most popular restaurants in Jamaica, because it offered Jamaicans â€Å"Homemade traditional dishes in comfortable and clean surroundings. This is reflected in their mission statement, which is â€Å"We are committed to providing excellent service by serving authentic Jamaican food at affordable prices in clean and comfortable surroundings.† The company itself has grown over the years from a single store in May Pen, Clarendon to having another manufacturing plant in Clarendon Park, Clarendon. This plant sat on 22 acres of land and had a retail outlet with a drive thru, a 24hr public restroom, furniture and welding manufacturing section (which made furniture for the different Juici outlets). The company also went on to acquire another manufacturing plant in Canada. This plant is HACCP (Hazard analysis and critical control points) certified and services Juici’s North American market. Its development has also included the use of MIS and/or Enterprise Applications used in its business techniques and practices in its day to day operations to improve its business processes for the benefit of its customers, staff and shareholders and communities in which it operates. This project will state the type of MIS or enterprise application currently in use by Juici, how it benefits them and also gives recommendations of the use of types and other changes Juici can make to further improve their system and increase profits even more. This project will also give some brief information about Juici such as what type of organization it, the organizational structure, and who the competition is/are. In order to expand, Jukie formed partnership with four of his closest friends, in various combinations. Juici then became a franchise (A franchise, according to http://business-law.freeadvice.com, is a franchise business is a business in which the owners, or franchisers, sell the rights to their business logo and model to third parties, called franchisees). After this Juici Patties spread to locations such as Kingston and St. Andrew and St. James. In 2001, it further spread to Falmouth, Trelawney and increasing the total number of outlets at the time to 34 and making Juici Patties the only chain of restaurant, at the time, to have its services in all fourteen parishes of Jamaica. There is a total of 50 stores islandwide, a few international outlets in North America, and a manufacturing plant in Canada. (Barness, 2005) – Founder of Juici Patties, Jukie Chin. NUMBER OF EMPLOYEES Juici started with only 3 employees (a baker, a cashier, and Juckie) and now has an excess of over 1500 employees islandwide. Juici is considered to have a strong family bond as all or most of the early employees literally grew up with Juckie and stayed with the company for many years, especially in Clarendon, where it all started. The positions now available at Juici range from Accountant to Human Resource Manager to Food Server to even furniture maker (in the wood work department). Juici offers his employees a comfortable work environment and good benefits and remuneration packages. COMPETITORS Juici Patties can be seen as one of the biggest patty companies in Jamaica with its main competition being Tastee Patties. This other patty phenomenal entity was established in the 1960’s by Vincent Chang. Tastee Patties is also seen as one of the top patty distributers in Jamaica and can be found in numerous locations islandwide and internally (North America). Tastee currently employees over 800 individuals nationwide and also offers its employees a family oriented, comfortable, and secure work environment. Tastee also sources the beef that is used to make their delicious patties, via their own slaughter houses. Tastee, like Juici, also offers a variety of products such as patties (beef, chicken, shrimp, etc.), soups, porridges, and traditional Jamaican dishes such as ackee and saltfish and green banana and dumpling. Tastee Patties Logo MANAGEMENT STRUCTURE Branch Offices: Floor Manager: Manages the staff that gives services to customers, and allocates the duties of opening and closing the restaurant. The floor manager also makes sure the employees follow the food safety laws and regulations and looks after the staff which makes the work force stronger and more profitable. Kitchen Manager: Manages the staff that works in the kitchen and the kitchen is seen as the most important part of the business as this is where the products are made that attracts the customers. Restaurant Manager: The head of the floor manager, kitchen manager and all employees in the outlet he/she is assigned to. This person also takes all counter reports from frontline employees and checks and sends it to the head office. Frontline Employees: Takes the orders and serve and deal with the customers and at the end of the day count per product sale amount and total amount of sales. Juici Patties current MIS/ Enterprise Application in use are: Paper-Based System: Advantages of a paper-based system- * Easy handling: As paper is physical by nature and therefore tangible and visible, a person who need not have any knowledge of computers to handle and work with paper-based documents. Such documents can be stored systematically in files, folders, cabinets etc. * Reproduction: You can copy a document by using a photocopier machine. * Recognized and required by law: Paper-based document originals are recognized by law as being ‘official’ and can be produced as evidence in court. In fact, the law may even require you to have certain documents only in paper format for them to be considered valid. Disadvantages of having a paper-based system- * Storage space: As paper is by nature physical, it takes up a lot of storage space. With its limited resources, a small business may not be able to afford to rent or purchase storage space onsite or offsite. * Recurring cost of supplies: If you store most of your documents in paper form, you need to keep purchasing several packs of blank paper every month for varying needs: photocopying, printing, fax paper, writing pads, invoice books, accounting books etc. Add to it the cost of other stationery items and you begin to wonder if there is a better alternative to the paper-based system of managing documents. * Limited mobility: No doubt you can courier or fax a paper-based document, but how can it match up to email or sending it as an attachment to an instant message? * Editing messy: Editing a typed or handwritten document will leave marks on paper. Also, the only way to preserve the pre-edited copy is to make a photocopy before editing it. This process has to be repeated every time you edit or revise the document. All it does is add more copies to your paper archive and leave the original document in bad shape. * Collaboration difficult: If your firm’s departmental heads in different corners of the office want to collaborate on a paper document, an assistant will first have to make copies of the document and distribute them. Then each head will have to make notes. To be able to see each other’s notes, they will need to gather anyway for a meeting before they finalize the action plan. Compare this with an electronic document management system where you can simply share the document (grant access to it) with your departmental heads; each of them can add their notes and save the document. The document can then be seen by all with everyone’s notes on it. A face-to-face meeting is not required, thereby saving the time of your busy senior executives. * Vulnerable to damage: As paper is exposed to wear and tear through frequent handling, exposure to adverse weather conditions etc., a document management system that is purely paper-based is not a stable one. In the event of a disaster, you could lose your documents as they may not be backed up. Documents that are not in digital form cannot be backed up online. Supply chain management (SCM) Supply chain management (SCM) is the combination of art and science that goes into improving the way a company (such as Juici Patties) finds the raw components( beef) it needs to make a product or service ( patty) and deliver it to customers. The following are five basic components of SCM. * Plan—this is the strategic portion of SCM. Companies need a strategy for managing all the resources that go toward meeting customer demand for their product or service. A big piece of SCM planning is developing a set of metrics to monitor the supply chain so that it is efficient, costs less and delivers high quality and value to customers. * Source—next, companies must choose suppliers to deliver the goods and services they need to create their product. Therefore, supply chain managers must develop a set of pricing, delivery and payment processes with suppliers and create metrics for monitoring and improving the relationships. And then, SCM managers can put together processes for managing their goods and services inventory, including receiving and verifying shipments, transferring them to the manufacturing facilities and authorizing supplier payments. * Make—this is the manufacturing step. Supply chain managers schedule the activities necessary for production, testing, packaging and preparation for delivery. This is the most metric-intensive portion of the supply chain—one where companies are able to measure quality levels, production output and worker productivity. * Deliver—this is the part that many SCM insiders refer to as logistics, where companies coordinate the receipt of orders from customers, develop a network of warehouses, pick carriers to get products to customers and set up an invoicing system to receive payments. * Return—this can be a problematic part of the supply chain for many companies. Supply chain planners have to create a responsive and flexible network for receiving defective and excess products back from their customers and supporting customers who have problems with delivered products. RESULTS Under their current system, Juici Patties has: * JUICI Patties has pumped more than US$60,000 (J$5.3 million) into â€Å"greening† its Clarendon operations, positioning itself to reap financial gains over the medium to long term while at the same time helping to realize environmental sustainability. (Barness, 2005) * They installed a water treatment plant — the recycled water from which is used to maintain their plants and lawns — but they have also installed two biodigesters, a solar system and two windmills. * Juici Patties currently has distributors in the Cayman Islands, Turks and Caicos, Dominica, and St. Lucia. * Juici Patties acquired a manufacturing plant in Ontario, Canada. No Juici retail store is present in Canada, but Juici beef, chicken, vegetable and shrimp patties are available in some of Canada’s major supermarket chains and convenience stores. * Juici Patties has a number of community programmes such as Juici Patties Elderly Soup Feeding Programme. * Juici Patties has a sponsorship programme, where they sponsor community sports competitions such as Juici Patties Clarendon Senior Netball League. (Juici Patties) RECOMMENDATIONS Keeping in mind the need to maximize profits (a main objective for any business) in today’s day and age, the best way to do this is to utilize the best technology that is available, the following are recommended: * Enterprise Management System * Network: Internet/Intranet/ Extranet/ LAN * Application Technology: Client/Server, Web-Enabled applications * Security: Firewall Servers and Proxy Server. * Use ERP Is Juici Patties an Enterprise? Juici Patties can be considered an enterprise, as it is a large business community, operating over 50 outlets islandwide and internationally. It is a corporate entity and includes a group of people with a common goal with the resources to retain this goal. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) ERP, according to www. tmcnet,com, is an organization’s management system which uses a software application to incorporate all facets of the business, and automate and facilitate the flow of data between critical back-office functions, which may include financing, distribution, accounting, inventory management, sales, marketing, planning, human resources, manufacturing, and other operating units. ERP software comes in many forms, including supply chain management, manufacturing, distribution, warehouse management, retail management, and point-of-sale software. What Every Enterprise (Juici Patties) Needs? * Management of Data – for information communication * Event monitoring, updating, control * ERP * EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)- consists of direct computer-to-computer transmission among multiple firms of data in a machine readable, structured format. * AMS (Attendance Monitoring System) – is required for personal planning of the employees in the organization. It also helps in availability and scheduling. * DMS (Document Management System).- This system helps in keeping important document for viewing at later times. For the purpose of transaction handling this system some time have a facility of document modification, by giving text-editing facility. * CMS (Communication Management Systems). – The ERP uses CMS as a tool for all its communication needs of recording an event. This system is used for tracking the important resource for action. (Wolf, 2011) ERP Software * ERP software is a family of software modules that support the business activities involved in these vital back-office processes. For example, ERP software for a Juici Patties’ manufacturing company will typically track the status of sales, inventory, shipping, and invoicing, as well as forecasting raw material and human resource requirements. * Enterprise Applications/ Packages/ Suites/ Systems connects all of the information, which flows through a company to a single integrated set of systems. * This is implemented in modules, which can be integrated. * ERP may work with a wide variety of databases, hardware, and operating systems. * Leading Vendors of ERP are SAP, Oracle. * Originally. ERP packages were targeted at the manufacturing industry. * Their goal is to integrate information across the company and eliminate complex links between computer systems. * The architecture is client/server and uses OO methodology for design and development of whole system. * Key advantage of ERP is that it provides an integrated solution for all the requirements of the business. (Wolf, 2011) * It takes care of organizational hierarchy of authorities * Basically ERP solutions are based on Unix and Windows NT platform. A typical ERP solution has following modules: * Marketing, Distribution and sales * Manufacturing process * Accounting and finance * Personal management * Planning and control * Purchase and inventory The modules are designed for following purposes: – * Data capture from transactions * Data transaction validation * Analysis * Updating and reporting of accounting ERP Benefits: * ERP offers lots of benefits to the implementing organization. * It helps for a manager to make decision at the right time. * This is possible when entire organization is sharing information and interprets in same perspectives. * The benefits of ERP can be classified in two categories: – * Tangible benefits (Those which can be measured in one form or other) * Intangible benefits (Difficult to measure in absolute terms) The Risks of ERP: * Tied to a single vendor * Flexibility limited by options offered by the vendor * May inappropriately force generic processes * May inappropriately force org. structure changes * Complexity – particularly regarding mapping and standardizing processes across the organization CONCLUSION Juici Patties is one the biggest and most popular patty companies in Jamaica employing over 2000 individuals in over 50 outlets islandwide and overseas (North America). Juici Patties was the first company to have outlets in all fourteen parishes and one of few fast food restaurants produces the ingredients ( beef from cattle at their slaughter houses) to make their product (patty). Juici Patties current paper based and Supply Chain Management CMS worked well for many years and benefitted Juici in many ways, however with a new system or collaboration such as Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, and in the long run profits will have an even more rise. The ERP system will: * Improve the quality and efficiency of Juici Patties. By keeping a Juici’s internal business process running smoothly, ERP can lead to better outputs that will benefit the company such as customer service, and manufacturing. (Wolf, 2011) * Provide support to upper level management to provide them with critical decision making information. This decision support will allow the upper level management to make managerial choices that will enhance the business down the road. * Create a more agile company that can better adapt to situations and changes. ERP makes Juici Patties more flexible and less rigidly structured in an effort to allow the different parts of this organization to become more cohesive, in turn, enhancing the business both internally and externally. (Wolf, 2011) * Pepsi-Cola Jamaica Bottling Co., Ltd., and Juici Patties chain signed a deal that would see Pepsi serving as the preferred carbonated beverage supplier at Juici Patties stores across the island. (Juici patties and Pepsi sign supply deal, 2002) REFERENCES Barness, P. N. (2005, July 27). Jukie Chin Expands Empire. The Gleaner. Juici Patties. (n.d.). Retrieved from juicipatties.com: http://www.juicipatties.com/index.php?main=1 Wolf, T. (2011, May 10). What is ERP Software? TMC News. Turban, E.. et al. (2006), Information Technology for Management, Transforming Organization in the Digital Economy (5th ed). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Oklobdzija, Vojin G.,(2008). 2nd Ed. Digital systems and applications., CRC Press Computer Engineering Series; Publication: Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. Juici patties and Pepsi sign supply deal. (2002, February 3). The Sunday Gleaner.

Food hunger and Reducing food waste Research Paper

Food hunger and Reducing food waste - Research Paper Example Considering this as the major reason, hunger and malnutrition are regarded as the leading risks towards health worldwide. The positive aspect of this problem is that there is enough food available in the world for feeding everyone. Moreover there is no need of doing any special scientific research or breakthroughs. The only thing which is required is application of knowledge along with the tools in hand; once these are combined with political policies the complete problem can be solved (Sizer & Whitney, 2013). Solving the problem of hunger can be termed as the best strategy in today’s tough economy. Once individuals from different nations will come forward to solve this dilemma then eventually it will increase productivity. Opening new channel of communication will also create economic opportunities. However the controversies have revealed that the countries have lost millions of dollars in their efforts towards economic output and the effects of child under nutrition program. The best factor towards contribution of peace and stability is problem of hunger resolve. If a certain government is not able to deal properly with this problem then states are prone to fall. Volatility related with food market is translated quickly into the volatility on the streets. Once the problem of hunger is solved it will become the foundation towards other areas of development which comprises of health and education too. If women are well-nourished then they will have healthier babies who will be born with an immune system which is strong and healthy as required for leading a strong and healthy life. A healthy and well-fed child is definite to attend school in future. The head of United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) have asked their team members to look for innovative measures for cutting down global food loss and waste. Once the food wastage is reduced all nations will be able to fight for elimination of hunger. At a

Essay about two related chapters from David Sloan Wilsons Evolution

About two related chapters from David Sloan Wilsons Evolution for Everyone - Essay Example Besides attempting to provide a plausible explanation for the origin of life, evolution also heavily impacts the behavior of species. Evolution holds the key to understanding the behavior of all species including the bizarre infanticide tendencies of particular species. The third chapter of Wilson’s Evolution for Everyone lays foundation for â€Å"the power of natural selection thinking† (Wilson 19). To demonstrate the power of this line of thinking, Wilson dwells on the socially undesirable practice of infanticide. Since the concept of natural selection is driven by the need to have off springs, then killing the off springs is automatically out of question (Wilson 19). However Wilson reveals that there exist certain environmental situations which make infanticide to be desirable. According to Wilson such possibilities like uncertain parentage, poor offspring and lack of sufficient resources create justification for infanticide among some species. In the fourth chapter of the text, Wilson proceeds to justify what he termed as the â€Å"third way of thinking† in the previous chapter. The third way of thinking is just but a simple phrase that Wilson uses to urge the reader to be flexible enough in their thinking to accommodate even the most remote of thoughts that indeed natural selection is responsible for the formation of the world as it currently is through contributing to all the behavioral outcomes of all the species in the universe. While still pursuing possible reasons that make infanticide to be a rational outcome, Wilson eventually derive his proof from the behavior of burying beetles. The Prove It chapter explains the possible reasons behind the actions of infanticide by a species – the burying beetles. Wilson reveals that this specie opts to regulate its brood size purely based on the food resources that are available. The parent beetle opts to kill some of its young ones so as to ensure that the rest c an comfortably thrive. This is one of

Adverse possession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Adverse possession - Essay Example This doctrine is based on limitation of actions whereby certain courses of actions becomes statute barred after a certain period of time. 1.1. How adverse possession is obtained Adverse possession is obtained by a trespasser who has met the common law requirements explained in part 2. In all states, there are statutes of limitations that put a cap on the time which property owner can bring courses of action to recover the property from a trespasser. When such time has lapsed, the trespasser effectively gains title to the land, and if the owner of the land can bring a suit to claim such property later, the trespasser is entitled to claim adverse possession as a defence or counter-claim. In U.K under the Land Registration Act 2002, a trespasser is entitled to make an application to the land registry to be registered as the owner, after meeting the laid down requirements 1.2. Example of adverse possession Mr X purchased a plot in order to put up commercial buildings in M Borough County. He fenced up the plot but due to financial constrains, he was unable to start constructions. For one year, he would send somebody occasionally to slash grass. Over time, Mr Y who owns a plot adjacent to the land started to use the property as his garage. He took over the duty of slashing and general maintenance. Over the years, he even replaced the lock to the main gate three times and fenced the plot such that it was only accessible from his property. At one time, following visits by brokers who wanted to purchase the land, he erected a ‘land not for sale’ sign and additionally indicated that ‘trespassers will be prosecuted’. During all this time, he was fully aware that the plot belonged to Mr. X but did all these developments fully aware of that fact. After 10 years of his presence, Mr. X sent a letter to protest his presence in the property without his consent. However, the matter was not followed up. 13 years later, Mr. X gets the necessary finance an d desires to commence the constructions. In this scenario, Mr. Y is entitled to claim legal ownership of the plot. This is because he had been in actual, notorious and open occupation of the plot for uninterrupted period of 13 years. Evidence of possession is evidenced by the signs that he erected to wade off trespassers and warn potential buyers. His possession was adverse to the title of Mr. X which is evidenced by the letter of protest sent by X. Therefore, Y, who was initially a trespasser, has since displaced X and is therefore entitled to claim legal title to the property. Several circumstances have to be in existence for a trespasser to establish adverse possession. 2. Requirements for adverse possession They include: a) He must have been in actual possession. b) Such possession must be adverse or hostile to title of the true owner. c) Such possession must be continuous or uninterrupted and d) Possession must be open, factual, and notorious so as to amount to constructive not ice to the owner of the property. 2.1. Actual possession Under this requirement, the trespasser must actually be in possession of the land. This implies physical occupation of the land. Besides the physical occupation, the court in Littledale v Liverpool College [1900] 1 Ch 19 held that the trespasser must bear the intention to possess (animus possidendi). However, in Pye v Graham (Oxford) Ltd [2002] UKHL 30 it was held that the squatter need not have a long-term intention to acquire title, it is sufficient if their intention is to displace the owner. Such possession must be possession of the entire property. If the possession

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Case study - Essay Example Then came the contributions of Lee Gordon along with other famous American idols such as Jerry Lee Lewis, Eddie Cochrane, and Gene Vincent whose musical styles helped lay foundations to the pop culture of rock & roll in the country (Jitterbug, 2009). By the start of a new decade in the 60s, a significant number of the youth population in Australia were engrossed about the American ‘Rock and Roll’ which started hitting their airwaves also through artists like Buddy Holly, Chuck Berry, and Bill Haley and His Comets who inspired the Australians to initiate modern popular music recordings (Creswell & Fabinyi, 1999). As one product of this shared genre, Johnny O’Keefe became the first Australian rock star to have notched the first in the charts. Australians further gained appreciation of the ‘Twist’ and the ‘Stomp’ fads, the latter being based on American surf culture and about this time, 'The Beach Boys' earned wider acclaim on touring Aussie populace. Out of this influence emerged the surf rock band Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs. ‘The Beach Craze’ likewise was drawing Australian teenagers to consider spark for surfing and this new heap idea did make it to a trend among the youth at the time who looked up to Midget Farrelly after winning the Surfing World Championships at Bondi aside from the relevant music of ‘The Beach Boys’ and Little Pattie (Batstone & Pyne) which all the more enhanced the ‘Stomp’ fad era. The presence of Bob Dylan and Elvis Presley in the scene of pop culture and world tour served as another blast of sensation for Australian followers of the enduring American ‘Rock and Roll’. Because the American craft with music as such truly bore heights of motivation for the Australians to establish their own identity with rock & roll, the level of enthusiasm rose up in quest of individuals with the right set of potentials. Besides Johnny O'Keefe and Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs, Jimmy Little also managed to have gone the same way, becoming known with ‘Royal Telephone’ (Creswell & Fabinyi, 1999) and these Australian artists obviously adhered or at least exhibited significant inclination to American themes as reflected in the contents of their songs and general outfit thereof. Invasion of Australian culture by the British, in the similar manner, amounted to an equivalent degree of reception marveling at ‘The Beatles’ which essentially made Australians begin weighing options in the market where British and American alternatives coexisted. Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs dominated the Australian Top Ten charts with the Beatles. British acts had turned out to be more influential over the American acts in the long run especially upon the arrival of ‘The Rolling Stones’ to the sellout crowds and such events with the British idols marked the reception of Britain's prevailing ‘Mod’ fad during the mid-1 960s in major cities as Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide, and Perth (Creswell & Fabinyi, 1999). ‘Beatlemania’ obtained enormous fanaticism of hundreds of thousands while several other bands from Liverpool like the ‘Merseyside’ (Batstone & Pyne) also made quite a remarkable impression to still numbers after numbers. As another consequence, Australian rock & roll group AC/DC was formed in 1967 through Malcolm and Angus who obtained production support from their guitarist brother, George Young of ‘The Easybeats’ whose pop song ‘

Case for School Uniforms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case for School Uniforms - Essay Example Alicia harangues on the economic consequences of introducing school uniforms by declaring that â€Å"the uniforms don’t seem quite so affordable.† As per Alicia’s logic, school uniforms amount to an added financial burden on an average middle class family and many families find it really costly to purchase uniforms for their progeny. Even a cursory online analysis of the price catalogues of some of the famous economy stores will amply testify to the fact that school uniforms are not that dearer as Alicia deems them to be. Besides, in the long run, making children wear uniforms to school turns out to be cheaper than helping them afford an assorted wardrobe catering to their school dressing needs and requirements. School uniforms relieve the parents and the students of tons of financial pressure and burden with everyone knowing that they have to wear the same clothes to school every day. Alicia also tends to hold that even if schools uniforms ameliorate the â€Å" best clothes competition (Thomas, 2009)†, they do usher in a more damaging â€Å"the best body competition. † Her logic is that students who are thin or husky may not be able to choose clothes that tone down their bodily aberrations and hence may suffer from guilt or many types of complexes. The fact is that this argument put forward by Alicia is facile and immature. Everybody knows that in the real world nobody is perfect and that most of the people do tend to have the so called physical, mental or social limitations.

Mis-wanting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mis-wanting - Assignment Example The market for weight loss programs, skinny diets and slimming pills is so huge that you can easily purchase anything that can help you lose those extra pounds at almost everywhere. Because of this brainwashing, most women are convinced that they will be completely happy if they will look like those model-like figures on TV and would even venture with non-healthy regimens to attain this. However, most of the people I know who underwent the same dilemma during their teens soon realized that they can still be happy even if they are fat. Some were even unsatisfied with their lives after reaching their target weight. According to Gilbert & Wilson, â€Å"We may misconstrue events, misunderstand ourselves misinterpret our feelings – and any of these mistakes can be a cause of miswanting.† (p. 194). And so we must take into consideration that true happiness and satisfaction can be achieved by simply having the things that will holistically improve our sense of self-worth and c ontentment. What we want to become in the future might not necessarily bring us bliss thus we should be grateful of whatever fate gives us and try to find light in every

Discourse Analysis of the movie Dumb and Dumber Essay

Discourse Analysis of the movie Dumb and Dumber - Essay Example   Although there are two apparent speakers in this dialogue (i.e. Mary and Lloyd), the utterances are all, in fact, constructed by one speaker which is the scriptwriter making it a synthetically constructed conversation. However, the speech act of the conversation is well planned and rehearsed, which has a positive impact on the overall appeal of the dialogue. The original script of the conversation, however, incorporates the various aspects of conversational interactions such as adjacency pairs, turn-taking, topic initiation and development, feedback and conversational openings and closings. To analyze the context of the discourse, Lloyd, a limo driver, is taking Mary to the airport and this is when the conversation takes place. It is one of the most essential ways in which people come together, exchange information and maintain social relations. Therefore, the setting of the discourse is very much natural in the normal contexts of dialogue and social relations. It is important to realize that the movie is categorized under the group of â€Å"humor† films, featuring slapstick comedy and nauseate humor. In fact, the hilarity or amusement of the comedy is expressed linguistically, in the choice of words of the funny man, Jim Carrey, who is playing the role of Lloyd. Throughout this whole exchange of words, Lloyd doesn’t say anything that has no linguistic value, so he is clearly able to produce a grammatically correct sentence. Significantly, the only flaw that occurs in the conversation is that Lloyd is not able to select from all the correct expressions available to him to reflect the â€Å"illocutionary† force that is suitable most to this particular  encounter.  

Igno - Management of Human Resources Essay Example for Free

Igno Management of Human Resources Essay 1.â€Å"Borderless world, Diversity Management, and Knowledge power, are some of the overarching factors being encountered by the Human Resource Mangers of 21st century business world†. How do they affect the dynamics of Human Resource Management in today’s organizations? Explain with examples from the organization you are familiar with or have been working for. Briefly describe the organization, you are referring to. 2.â€Å"Each employee in an organization performs various roles. Role perception of a manager and an employee make a complex web as they interact†. Elaborate this statement in the light of socialisation factors in organizational socialization process. Outline the importance of initial Job socialization on the employee and the organization. Explain with the help of your personal experience and organizational experience with respect to the above concepts.Explain the situation and describe the organization, you are referring to. 3. Consider Potential Appraisal, Assessment Centres, and Career and Succession Planning in an organizational context. Describe the dynamics of these concepts, their interactional outcomes, and impact on overall functioning and management of the organization. Put down your experience with respect to the dynamics of these factors in totality as seen by you in an organizational situation or the situations which you are familiar with. Briefly describe the situation and the organization, you are referring to. 4.How do you see the role, presence, necessity, and impact of ‘Mentoring and Performance Coaching’ in organizational situations in Indian context in general? Critically describe the experience the organizations have with respect to these concepts, their applicability, effectiveness and prospect. You may like to compare few organizations you have known or familiar with or even you can come out with your own experience in organizational context. Describe the context, and the organization you are referring to.

Alternative Sources of Toxicology Tests

Alternative Sources of Toxicology Tests Careful analyses of the community of insects encountered on a decomposing body, combined with knowledge of insect biology, ecology, and local environmental conditions, can often provide valuable forensic insights. These can include the estimation of time since death, movement of the remains after death, indication of antemortem injuries, and the presence of drugs or toxins. Over the past two decades, there has been an apparent increase in the incidence of drug-related deaths reported within the United States and other countries. Decedents in such cases are, in many instances, not discovered for a substantial period of time (days or weeks). The resulting state of advanced decomposition and environmental recycling typically encountered in these situations often dictates the employment of various entomological methodologies. The entomological techniques most frequently utilized are based on comprehensive analyses of the insects and other arthropods associated with the remains, their development, and patterns of succession (Goff and Flynn 1991, Goff and Odom 1987, Lord et al. 1986). The accuracy of entomological estimates in deaths involving narcotic intoxication has been subject to debate in recent years, as few available studies have explored the effects of drugs contained in decomposing tissues on fly colonization and ovipositional behavior, or on the rates of development of carrion-frequenting insects feeding on such food sources (Goff 1993). Additionally, relatively few studies have examined the effects of other tissue contaminants, such as toxins or environmental pollutants on these behaviors or the developmental patterns of the insects colonizing such tissues. In recent years, interest has also focused on the potential use of carrion-frequenting insects as alternative toxicological specimens in situations where traditional toxicological sources, such as blood, urine, or solid tissues, are unavailable or not suitable for analysis. The use of anthropophagic fly larvae (maggots) as alternate toxicological specimens is well documented in the entomological and forensic science literature (Miller et al. 1994). Detection of various toxins and controlled substances in insects found on decomposing human remains has contributed to the assessment of both cause and manner of death (Lord 1990, Goff and Lord 1994, Nolte et al. 1992). With the development of hair extraction technologies, attention has recently focused on the analysis of chitinized insect remnants that are frequently encountered with mummified and skeletonized remains (Miller et al. 1994). In such cases, the standard toxicological specimens are often absent. Studies of the use of carrion-feeding arthropods as alternative toxicological specimens, and of the impact that tissue toxins and contaminants have on the development of immature insects feeding on these substances, currently comprise the major avenues of exploration in the emerging field of entomotoxicology. The potential value of larval and adult carrion-feeding insects, and their chitinous remnants, as alternative sources of toxicological information has been clearly demonstrated. As with other emerging technologies, however, great care must be taken in the interpretation and use of such data, particularly within the forensic arena. Given recent advances in analytical procedures, it has become more practical to use even decomposed tissues for analysis (Tracqui et al. 2004). The situation may still be encountered where for various reasons there are no tissues remaining and the arthropods remain the only available material for analyses. In these instances, a qualitative analysis will be of value, but any attempt at quantitation must be viewed with skepticism. Much more research is required before the full potential of this discipline can be recognized. Forensic toxicologists qualitatively and quantitatively identify drugs and poisons which may be relevant to cause and manner of death. In most cases, toxicological specimens are collected at autopsy. Alternatively, if a body is badly decomposed, bone, hair, and insect larvae and pupae are collected and analyzed. The use of insects and insect remnants as toxicological specimens is well documented. Insect tissue or remnants (pupal cases, frass, etc.) can be used to identify drugs and toxins present in decomposing tissues. Literature to date has cited the use of arthropods as an alternative toxicological source since 1980. Beyer was one of the first to use maggots to qualitatively assess drug presence in a suspected suicide case. A body of a 22-year old female was found skeletonized except for the skin. Larvae were collected and homogenized with the proteins precipitated out of solution. Gas chromatography was used to identify a phenobarbital concentration of 100 ÃŽ ¼g/g in larval tissue. The larvae were identified as Cochliomyia macellaria (Beyer et al. 1980). Levine et al. (2000) described a case in which an unidentified male was found by a river and was decomposed and skeletonized. An empty bottle of secobarbital was found near the body. Calf muscle and maggots were sent for toxicological analysis. No substances or drugs were detected in the calf muscle, but secobarbital was identified in the maggots by electron ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In a similar study, Wilson et al. (1993) reared Calliphora vicina on human skeletal muscle from suicidal overdose victims of co-proxamol (propoxyphene and acetaminophen) and amitriptyline. Third instars were transferred to drug-free muscle or allowed to feed on drug-laden muscle for two more days prior to harvesting. The drug concentrations in the muscle food source were 0.48 ÃŽ ¼g/g amitriptyline, 0.38 ÃŽ ¼g/g nortriptyline, 0.99 ÃŽ ¼g/g propoxyhene, and 14.3 ÃŽ ¼g/g acetaminophen. The mean ratios of drug concentrations in larvae to the food source were 0.5, amitriptyline; 0.5, nortriptyline; and 0.06 for propoxyphene. In all stages no drugs or metabolites were detected in puparia, pupal cases, or adults (Wilson et al, 1993). Malathion, an organophosphate insecticide, was identified in larvae found on a decedent thought to be a suicide victim. Malathion was detected at a concentration of 2,050 ÃŽ ¼g/g of larvae in specimens collected from the decomposing remains. Malathion exhibits low toxicity in mammals, yet a high toxicity to adult insects. In this case, the maggots were developing normally despite concentrations of malathion that were toxic to rats and adult species of blowfly (Gunatilake and Goff 1989). This case illustrates the importance of studying the effects many drugs and toxins have on insect species since drugs and toxins may affect insect development, mortality rates, and PMI. The effects of various drugs and toxins to carrion-feeding insects have been investigated, but this area of study is still expanding. Tracqui et al. (2004) examined 29 necropsies in which various organic compounds (including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antidepressants, phenothiazine, opiates, cannabinoids, meprobamate, digoxin, and nefopam) were detected in arthropod larvae sampled from human corpses. Larvae were collected from multiple sites on the cadaver, weighed, washed, and dried. The larvae were mechanically homogenized and then extracted using solid or liquid phase extraction procedures. Sample extracts were then analyzed by gas or liquid-chromatography. The results indicated that the concentrations of the drugs in insect tissues tended to be lower than those of cadaveric samples, and that concentrations varied between anatomic sites (i.e. within anatomic sites when larvae were grouped according to their site of sampling). Tracqui et al. (2004) also found only weak correlat ions between the concentrations of drugs in biofluids at the time of death and those in the larvae sampled from the cadaver at a later time. Goff has conducted a number of entomotoxicology experiments with various drugs (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991, Goff et al. 1992, Goff et al. 1993, Goff et al. 1994). When Goff did his studies he administered the drug to a living animal. He did this so that known and reproducible concentrations of drugs and metabolites in animal tissue could be used to approximate amounts normally encountered in human fatal overdoses. Hà ©douin et al. (1999) established concentrations of morphine in an animal model before rearing larvae on tissues. Morphine, a metabolite of heroin, was injected intravenously into rabbits. The kinetics of morphine elimination from blood after a single intravenous injection of morphine and the concentrations of morphine in tissues following a continuous perfusion were established. Morphine concentrations were determined using radioimmunoassay techniques. The rabbits that received a single injection received 2 mg/kg of morphine hydrochloride. Three rabbits received 2 mg/kg of body weight of morphine hydrochloride per hour for a period of 3 h using a continuous perfusion through a plastic catheter in the ear. Results from the continuous perfusion showed that the concentrations of morphine differed according to the organ analyzed, but were reproducible for organs between animals. This study permitted known and reproducible concentrations of morphine in the rabbit to be used as a subst rate for rearing of larvae in entomological studies. Goff used rabbits in his entomotoxicological studies of cocaine and heroin on Boettcherisca peregrina (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991). The rabbits in the heroin study were given 6, 12, 18, and 24 mg of heroin by cardiac puncture. Boettcherisca peregrina were allowed to feed and develop on liver tissue containing heroin. From hours 18 to 96, larvae feeding on liver tissue containing heroin developed more rapidly than those feeding on the liver from the control. Time required for pupation was also greater for larvae that fed on tissue from heroin dosed rabbits than for the control larvae. The rates of development were sufficient to alter PMI estimates based on larval development by up to 29 hours (Goff et al. 1991). In a similar study, three domestic rabbits received dosages of 35, 69, and 137 mg cocaine in 5 mL saline via cardiac puncture in the cocaine study. The dosages represent one-half the LD50, the normal LD50, and twice the LD50. Boettcherisca peregrina were allowed to feed and develop on tissues containing cocaine. From hours 30 to 70, larvae developed more rapidly on tissue containing cocaine from rabbits injected with 69 mg and 137 mg of cocaine than on tissue from rabbits injected with 35 mg of cocaine or no cocaine. Total development times required for pupation and adult eclosion were also shortened. Differences between larvae developing on cocaine-dosed rabbit tissue compared to a control were sufficient to alter PMI estimates based on larval development in decomposing human tissues by up to 24 h (Goff et al. 1989). Goffs results indicate that an opiate (e.g., heroin) and a stimulant drug (e.g., cocaine) can both increase the rate of development in the Boettcherisca peregrina (Goff et al. 1989, Goff et al. 1991). Bourel et al. (1999b) administered morphine chlorhydrate to three rabbits each at a different concentration. The three concentrations were 12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 mg/h of morphine chlorhydrate via ear perfusion. A fourth rabbit was used as a control. Following administration of the drug, rabbits were sacrificed and 400 eggs of Lucilia sericata were placed in the eyes, nostrils, and mouth of each rabbit. Larvae were sampled daily to determine growth rate and weight. Puparia and emerging adults were also sampled. In this study, the larvae reared on the control and the rabbits that received 12.5 and 25 mg/h of morphine developed at similar rates from hours 41 to 69, while larvae reared on the carcass given 50.0 mg/h of morphine developed at a slower rate. From hour 91 to 165, the larvae from carcasses that received 12.5 and 50.0 mg/h developed at the same rate, which was slower than the control colony. Overall, the effects of morphine appear to be dose dependent as the larvae feeding on the rabbit that received the greatest dosage were the slowest to develop. Based on results from this study, between hours 91 and 165 estimations of larval age based on total length can be significantly in error if the presence of morphine in tissues is not considered. The error can be as great as 24 h for Lucilia sericata larvae measuring from 8 to 14 mm total length. In another case Bourel et al. (2001) used approximately 100 larvae of L. sericata reared on seven 250 g portions of minced beef combined with morphine hydrochloride solutions. After egg hatch, 10 specimens of second instar, third instar, post-feeding third instar and pupae were sampled and immediately frozen. After adults emerged, they were kept in a jar until they died and desiccated. Samples were homogenized, centrifuged, and the supernatant analyzed for morphine content using a specific radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of morphine were high in second and third instar larvae, almost proportional to concentrations in minced meat, but almost no morphine was detected in pupae. The results indicate that larvae excrete the drug during the post-feeding stage. A quantity of morphine is sequestered in the cuticle of pupae, but at minute concentrations. Morphine is sequestered in the cuticle during larval growth and in the formation of puparia (Bourel et al. 2001). Elimination of drugs or toxins prior to metamorphosis has been shown in other studies. Sadler et al. (1995) was able to detect trimipramine, trazodone, and temazepam, in the larvae of Calliphora vicina, but was unable to detect the drugs in the pupae. The fact that drugs do not bioaccumulate throughout the life of the larvae suggests that elimination mechanisms are present. Drug concentrations decreased when larvae were taken from drug laden meat and placed on drug free meat. The results of these studies indicate the importance of collecting larvae for toxicological analysis from those feeding actively on a corpse. Introna et al. (1990) reared Calliphora vicina larvae on liver specimens from 40 cases in which cause of death had been determined to be opiate intoxication. Analysis of larvae and liver for opiates (morphine) was accomplished by radioimmunoassay. The concentration of opiates for all cases was found to range from 8 to 1,208 ÃŽ ¼g/kg for larvae and 26 to 1,769 ÃŽ ¼g/kg for the liver specimens. A significant difference was found between the opiate liver and larval concentrations. Goff and Lord (1994) reviewed various studies in entomotoxicology and concluded that entomotoxicological testing was essential to accurate forensic entomology conclusions. Data indicating the presence of drugs allow for corrections to the data in cases when drugs affect insect development. Future trends in forensic entomology The precise estimation of PMI is the most important goal  of forensic entomology by refining the techniques used. Developmental and succession data, consideration of a  greater number of geographical regions and a range of  death scene scenarios are essential. Moreover there are  several parameters which need further attention. It is important to consider factors that might alter the  time of oviposition, such as covering corpses with  branches or tight wrapping with blankets, carpets or  plastic bags, and indoor placement, because these factors  may delay initial oviposition (Higley and Haskell 2001). Seasonal influences, such as cold and rainy weather, may  inhibit or even prevent fly activity and delay oviposition  (Erzinclioglu 1996). However, Faucherre et al. (1999)  observed flying as well as ovipositing Calliphora vicina  under extreme conditions in the Swiss Alps, colonizing a  corpse in a 10-m deep cave at a temperature of about 5_C. The generally accepted assumption that activity of  necrophagous flies ceases below an air temperature of  10_C (Williams 1984) or even 12_C (Smith 1986;  Erzinclioglu 1996) may be questionable (see also Deonier  1940; Nuorteva 1965). However, the case described by  Faucherre et al. (1999) occurred at an altitude of 1,260 m  and therefore a cold-adapted population of C. vicina may  have been involved. Blowflies usually show peaks of oviposition activity in  the early afternoon (Nuorteva 1959a; Baumgartner and  Greeenberg 1984, 1985; Greenberg 1990). These insects  are not active at night and generally do not lay eggs  during nighttime (Greenberg 1985). A postmortem interval  estimation based on that assumption has to consider  the possibility that a corpse which was found about noon  and was infested by recently hatched maggots, could have  been deposited there in the late evening of the previous  day. Hence, fly eggs detected on a corpse during the night  would lead to the conclusion that death occurred during  the previous day or earlier (Nuorteva 1977). Greenberg  (1990) presented the first experimental evidence of  nocturnal oviposition by three forensically important  blow flies, Calliphora vicina, Phormia regina and Lucilia  (Phaenicia) sericata. On the other hand, Tessmer et al.  (1995) reported that blowflies fail to lay eggs at night  bot h in urban (with lighting) and rural dark habitats. However, Singh and Bharti (2001) supported the findings  of Greenberg (1990). Hence nocturnal oviposition is a  possibility and should be taken into consideration. Diapause, the period during which growth and development  of insects is suspended, is still a challenge for the  forensic entomologist (see also Ames and Turner 2003). Depending on the insect taxa, the major influences on  larvae or pupae are photoperiod and temperature. Declining  day length and/or decreasing temperatures indicate  approaching winter and induce diapause, preventing  development under unfavourable environmental conditions. In many forensically important blowflies, diapause  is under maternal control and exposure of females to short  day lengths induces diapause in the offspring (Vinogradova  1991). Species with a large geographical range  have to face changes in day length throughout the year. The critical day length which induces diapause will be  longer in populations from a northern range than in  southern populations (McWatters and Saunders 1998). The forensic entomologist working in a temperate region  investigating a sample of dead maggots collected from a  corpse during late September has to consider the possibility  that these maggots had already entered diapause. Besides day length, temperature may also influence the  incidence of diapause (Vinogradova and Zinovjeva 1972). Unlike photoperiod, temperature is not a noise-free signal,  as it is subject to considerable variation both within and  between years (McWatters and Saunders 1998). Increasing  constant temperature is known to reduce the incidence  of diapause in forensically important Dipteran species,  such as Liopygia argyrostoma (Saunders 1975), Protophormia  terraenovae (Vinogradova 1986) and Calliphora  vicina (McWatters and Saunders 1998). The duration of diapause is another important parameter. McWatters and Saunders (1998) showed that in C. vicina kept at temperatures of 15_C and 20_C, respectively,  diapause was terminated in most larvae within  30 days. However, the diapause ended earlier in larvae  whose parents had been kept at 20_C than those whose  parents had been kept at 15_C. These observations should  be a caveat for the forensic entomologist and points to the  need for further studies on other species. Competition may affect development and growth of  the larvae. Smith and Wall (1997a, 1997b) presented data  which indicate that the larvae of Lucilia sericata in  carcasses experience significant levels of competition and that the intensity of this competition may be sufficient to  reduce the numbers of adult L. sericata able to emerge  successfully. Reiter (1984), Smith (1986) and Erzinclioglu (1990)  pointed to another factor which could complicate the  estimation of the postmortem interval-precocious egg  development in flies. In some female flies, eggs may be  retained in the oviduct, having been fertilized as they pass  the spermathecal ducts in advance of the act of oviposition (Wells and King 2001). In cases where a suitable  oviposition site is not available, the eggs may remain  inside the fly until they have completed embryonic development. It has been reported for several species of the tribe Calliphorini, including the forensically important  Calliphora vicina, that the larva hatches from such eggs  immediately following oviposition (Erzinclioglu 1990;  Wells and King 2001). Precocious eggs are more likely to  be found in bluebottles (Calliphora spp.) than in other  lineages of carrion-feeding blowflies and the proportion  of wild flies carrying an egg that is about to hatch can be  quite high (Wells and King 2001). Parasitoid larvae feed exclusively on other arthropods,  mainly insects, resulting in the death of the parasitoids  host (Godfray 1994). The majority of parasitoids are  either members of the order Hymenoptera or Diptera,  representing an extremely diverse group and constituting  about 8.5% of all described insects (LaSalle and Gauld  1991; Godfray 1994). They also attack necrophagous taxa  and therefore could appear on carrion. Fabritius and  Klunker (1991) listed 83 parasitoid species, mainly  wasps, which attack the larval and pupal stages of  synanthropic Diptera in Europe. There are few reports on  the use of parasitoids in forensic entomology (Smith  1986; Haskell et al. 1997; Amendt et al. 2000; Anderson  and Cervenka 2002; Grassberger and Frank 2003b). The  life-cycles of the common parasitoid species are known  (e.g. Geden 1997) and, even if the adults have already  emerged and left the host, the pupal exuviae of the  parasitic wasps can be identified for a long time  afterwards (Geden et al. 1998; Carlson et al. 1999). The  parasitoid developmental times can then be calculated and  added to the time of development of the blowfly host. Pupal parasitoids of blowflies may play an especially  important role in the estimation of the postmortem period  because their time of attack is often restricted to a small,  well-defined window of time at the beginning of the pupal  development of the host insect (Anderson and Cervenka  2002). An example of the practical application of these  wasps involved a case where the early colonizers,  individuals of the blowfly Protophormia terraenovae,  had finished their development and already left the scene  but adults of the parasitoid Nasonia vitripennis (Hymenoptera:  Pteromalidae) were just about to emerge. These  wasps need, at a constant temperature of 25_C, 350  accumulated degree days, equating to about 14 days, to  reach adulthood (Whiting 1967; Grassberger and Frank  2003b). By contrast the host P. terraenovae needs about  9 days at this temperature to reach the stage appropriate  for the parasitoids oviposition (Marchenko 2001; Grassberger  a nd Reiter 2002a). It can therefore be assumed that  the flies had access to the body for at least about 23 days  before the corpse was found. The calculation of developmental  times for the host and the parasitoid allowed the  estimation of a greater minimum postmortem interval  than the estimated development time of Protophormia  terraenovae alone. This enabled the criminal investigators  to disprove the testimony of a witness who claimed that  he had seen the victim alive 20 days before the corpse was  found. However, when thinking about the potential  influence, especially of larval parasitoids, it is important  to remember that this specialized group might also create  significant problems for forensic entomology. Holdaway  and Evans (1930) described, for example, the change in  developmental times for Lucilia sericata after the attack  of its parasitoid Alysia manducator, which resulted in  premature pupariation. The role of freshwater and marine fauna in forensic  investigations has received very little attention (Payne  and King 1972; Nuorteva et al. 1974; Goff and Odom  1987; Haskell et al 1989; Catts and Goff 1992; Vance et  al. 1995; Sorg et al. 1997; Davis and Goff 2000). Knowledge about the role of aquatic arthropods during  decomposition is still scanty (Keiper et al. 1997;  Tomberlin and Adler 1998; Hobischak and Anderson  1999, 2002; Anderson 2001; Merrit and Wallace 2001;  Anderson and Hobischak 2004). Compared with terrestrial  habitats, decomposition in an aquatic environment is  completely different. It occurs at a rate roughly half that  of decomposition on land, mainly due to the prevention of  insect activity and cooler temperatures (Knight 1991). Merrit and Wallace (2001) have distinguished six decompositional  stages ranging from submerged fresh,  floating decay to sunken remains. Aquatic insects of  forensic importance belong to the Ephemeroptera (mayflies),  Trichoptera (caddis flies) and Diptera (true flies);  the latter are mainly represented by Chironomidae  (midges) and Simuliidae (black flies). However, these  insects, unlike their terrestrial counterparts, are not  obligatory saprophages, but instead use the submerged  carrion both as a food source and a breeding site. The use of these insects for estimating the time of death is  therefore more difficult and depends on the season and on  other conditions of the aquatic systems. No successional  insect model exists which describes the different waves of  colonization of a corpse in aquatic habitats (Merrit and  Wallace 2001). Finally, forensic entomology may help in investigations  dealing with living, but ill, people by revealing  neglect. The occurrence of maggots in the wounds or  natural orifices of living persons may indicate such a  neglect. Estimating the age of these maggots can reveal  how long the neglect has been happening (Benecke 2003).

Symbols, Symbolism and Feminism in Ibsens Hedda Gabler Essay example -

Symbolism and Feminism in Hedda Gabler  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   Henrik Ibsen's A Doll's House painted the picture of a strong and independent woman standing up to an oppressive and dominating society; the lead character, Nora, abandons not only her husband, but her entire family, in an effort to discover herself and become a liberated woman.   The play is known for its universal appeal, and the strong blow it dealt to a male-dominated society, by showing not only that a woman could break free from the restraints which society placed upon her, but that men were actually quite powerless in the face of a strong woman; Nora's husband, Torvald, is left weeping as she leaves him at the close of the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The strong feminist themes which were the defining elements of A Doll's House are equally evident in the play Hedda Gabler, though the latter seems to be lacking the directness, clarity, and strength of the former, in regards to its feminist ideals.   Hedda and Thea, the two female leads, posses within them both admirable and detestable female traits, and only in combination with each other can the characters reveal the true feminist message of the play.   In order to assist the reader in understanding these concepts, and to illustrate the distinct differences between the two characters, Ibsen uses symbolism.   The symbolic nature of hair, Lovborg's manuscript, and General Gabler's pistols, often seem to strip Hedda of her feminine characteristics, and emphasize the femininity of Thea.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During the time in which this play was written, and as is very true in modern times, a mark of feminine beauty was long, abundant, flowing hair.   Even today, short hair is often considered to be a mark of a more liberated female, and it has been used to charact... ...ety." Thesis. Brigham Young U, 1990. Dyhouse, Carol. "Mothers and Daughters in the Middle-Class Home: c. 1870-1914." Labor and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family 1850-1940. Ed. Jane Lewis. New York: Blackwell, 1986. 27-45. Gilbert, Sandra M., and Susan Gubar. The Madwoman in the Attic: The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination. New Haven: Yale UP, 1979. Ibsen, Henrik.   Hedda Gabler.   New York:   Dover, 1990. Lewis, Jane. "Introduction: Reconstructing Women's Experience of Home and Family." Labor and Love: Women's Experience of Home and Family 1850-1940. Ed. Jane Lewis. New York: Blackwell, 1986. 1-26. Lyons, Charles R. Hedda Gabler, Role and World. 1990. Twayne's Masterwork Studies 62. Boston: Twayne, 1991. Salomà ©, Lou. Ibsen's Heroines. Ed. and trans. Siegfried Mandel. Redding Ridge: Black Swan, 1985.   

Psychotherapy Essay -- Psychology, Empirically Validated Treatments

I believe that the art of psychotherapy is more important than the use of empirically validated treatments (EVT). I feel that the art of psychotherapy exists through the use of the common factors, which include the therapeutic relationship, client and therapist factors (e.g., personality), helping clients deal with problems, and hope or expectancy factors (Reisner, 2005). Although I do believe that empirically validated treatments may enhance the therapeutic process, the treatments themselves are by no means the most important or fundamental aspects of therapy. I agree with the idea presented by Allen (2008) that scientific knowledge is important, but it is not sufficient for the successful outcomes in psychotherapy. There appears, at least to me, to be much more of an art involved in developing the relationship with the client and understanding the client’s perspective, and if this cannot be done successfully then it is unlikely that individualized techniques could be success fully applied. Managed care has not completely eradicated the art of psychotherapy; however, as more research reveals EVTs are effective on more disorders, the use of the art of psychotherapy will likely decline. This would occur due to managed care’s preferences for the use of EVT, since there is evidence that they likely work quickly, saving time and money (Cukrowicz et al., 2005). In order to receive reimbursement and compete with psychopharmacology, there is a growing necessity for the reliance on empirically validated therapy (Reisner, 2005). However, certain artful tactics involved in psychotherapy will never be entirely removed, such as the development of a therapeutic relationship (Allen, 2008). With the rise of EVT, there is a possibility that mana... ... generally equal in how effective they are, but generally, it is the common factors across therapies that account for the most improvement in clients, not the specific techniques or treatments that are used (Reisner, 2005). Psychotherapy is arguably an art that cannot be conducted without some sense or understanding of life, meaning, and relationship issues that cannot be learned from science alone (Allen, 2008). Ideally, therapy should involve both science (empirically validated treatments) and art by combining the therapeutic relationship and knowledge of the client’s needs with the proper treatment techniques. Overall, I do not feel that manualized treatments will ever completely replace the art of psychotherapy; however, it is likely that the combination of manualized treatments and the art of psychotherapy will lead to more successful therapeutic outcomes.

Localism and Hoover’s views on goverment

Localism- the policy whereby problems could best be solved at local and state levels. Reconstruction finance corporation- urged by hoover to be passed; gave more than a billion dollars of government loans to railroads and large businesses trickle-down economics- theory held that money poured into the top of the economic pyramid will trickle down to the base Bonus Army.How did Hoover’s views on government influence his response to the depression? While not believing in charity by the government, Hoover did try an dhelp the economic mess that began during his administration. He gave much of his money to charity and encourage Americans to do the same. He broke with republicans and did away with the taxes that had been placed on citizens during the Coolidge administration. He thought that would allow for more income being spent to help the economy rebound. He spent $500 million a year on public works and government programs to build or improve government properties.The most famous was the Hoover (Boulder) Dam. Congress established the Reconstruction finance corporation (continued by FDR) which created an agency to help banks, railroads, and other key businesses to stay in business thus helping the economy. All of these things could not stem the tide of the economic collapse. Hoover believed in a balanced budget and not pumping government money into the economy. He believed in rugged individualism, and relied on the individual, the churches and private charities, and the state governments to handle most of the economic help that was needed.What facts show that Hoover’s policies to reverse the depression failed? Hoover left office with the economy at the depths of an unprecedented depression & with 25% of the labor force unemployed. To many out of work americans, the president became a symbol of failure. Some people balmed capitalism, while others questioned the responsiveness of democracy. Many believed the American system was due for an overhaul. Busi nesses often did not use the loans they recieved to hire more workers.4. How did MacArthur’s tactics in removing the Bonus Army affect Hoover’s political future?President Hoover ordered MacArthur to â€Å"surround the affected area and clear it without delay.† MacArthur brought up troops and tanks from Fort Myer, Fort Meade, Fort Washington and Fort Howard. After the bonus seekers refused to leave, Hoover eventually ordered the army to forcibly remove them. The marchers collected in a single area and Hoover ordered the siege stopped, but Mac Arthur continued the assault. Eventually 55 were injured, one woman miscarried and one man who was already sick died. Roosevelt milked the event for all its worth during the campaign of 1932 and suggested that he would have done better. (The Marchers were not actually owed any money, but hoped to pressure the government into giving them an advance on tehir pension.)

Financial Services Overview Essay

The financial services industry is one of the most widespread and established industries in the global economy. All companies who have sales from the management of money for either individuals or institutions are included under this umbrella. In the United States alone, according to the Census Bureau 2007 industry report, it included 503,156 establishments, had approximately 6.6 million employees, and had revenues of 3.6 billion dollars. Financial services used to be a safe haven for conservative investors who thought the stocks provided higher than normal dividend yield, stable performance and revenues and some defense against volatility. Within the last decade however, the collapse of global financial economy due to the subprime market and derivatives market falling apart has led to more careful involvement in this industry. Moreover, greater regulation in both the U.S. and overseas has led to more controlled administration of many companies in this industry. This industry is also extremely susceptible to the waves of the economic cycle. The most opportune time to buy is during economic recessions since financial service companies tend to rise out of recession rather fast because interest rates are usually relatively low. Financial investments are typically undervalued during recession when stock prices are low. Collapse of the Market Although once considered a conservatives market 2008 and 2009 saw a shift in this thinking due to major issues arising in the financial services industry. Although a long-standing crisis of almost a decade, the collapse of the global economies came when in June 2007 Bear Stearns announced to the world that two of its major hedge funds, totaling in over three billion dollars, were failing. The disaster of these companies arose because they were cripplingly invested in the derivatives market based on the US subprime mortgage market. Additionally in September of 2008 Lehman Brothers, a U.S. investment bank, folded as well. Their meltdown gave headway to the issue of how interlocked and intertwined debt had become in this industry. Liquidity and credit quickly froze globally. Since that market crash international governments have focused on trying to regularize the financial system by putting money into the economy and bailing out banks. Since the crash banks and financial institutions have had more difficulty raising money and higher quality capitol. Furthermore, a important detail of the crash had to do with global trade imbalance, those of which are a key feature of the global economy. The emerging economies of rising countries such as China and India helped to finance the credit and housing bubbles that emerged in the United States and Europe. Since these countries continue to expand and grow they bring with them large capitol inflows into western economies. Another issue that the crash brought to light was the scandals from the financial institutions themselves. Goldman Sachs was accused of defrauding investors by failing to disclose conflicts of interest between with of its clients, Paulson & Co., and it’s investment decisions in their mortgage portfolio. Goldman Sachs was not the only financial services company to be caught up in scandal however, the sovereign debt crisis in Europe threatened the Europe an banking system and over shadowed the gossip of companies within this industry. Industry Trends Near Sourcing Outsourcing has been one a fast growing trend in the market within the last decade. However, apprehensions about data and security issues, increasing and hidden costs, and revived interest in American employment and quality are leading companies back to the United States. Many firms, especially within the financial services industry, are reverting back to operating in the U.S. This should quickly increase in 2013. Operating Excellence Cross line-of-business service models can grow a company many benefits however operating structures have been put on the back burner because of the pace of business strategy and regulatory change. Very few companies have shifted from coordination to standardization, which may lead them higher profits. Since many company structures are very set, it is complex to change the architecture of a company quickly. However since companies are getting used to government regulation after the crash, they can now focus on open source thinking and operating structures to increase revenues. The Experience economy Costumer experience is quickly becoming a key component to differentiation for financial services companies. Technology and business models are constantly changing to customer demand and now these same companies are coming to terms with the fact that the product is no longer the key differentiator. The sustainable competitive advantage comes from customer experience. Companies are expanding both their technology and their company culture to give consumers better access to great experience. Increasing Yield A strategy that has been implemented by central bankers in recent years is to add money into capitol markets to keep interest rates low and garner interest from riskier investors focused on yields. This increases junk and frontier bonds. Nevertheless well-established firms will stick with their well tested strategies and high performance instead of going after high and risky returns. Look for jump start companies in the financial services industry to take higher risk propositions and reputable companies to maintain their status quo. ETFs In the beginning of 2013 there were less than 100 ETFs. However, because the SEC removed regulation obstacles, money managers are making plans to get their ETFs to the market as soon as possible. Giving buyers more choices and then potentially lowering costs and finding more flexible solutions are positive consequences of this increase in ETFs. Regulation Since the near collapse of global markets within the last 5 or so years, regulation has been at an all time high. In the United States, the consumer financial protection bureau has appeared to control financial services firms and products by focusing on mortgages and loans. Since many governments feel that regulation has helped get the global economy back on its feet, there is no indication that there will be much if any deregulation in sight. Competitors Overview Although there are many companies in the financial services industry, Goldman Sachs has only a few direct competitors that can plausibly contest their industry lead standing. JP Morgan Chase & Co., and Morgan Stanley are two of their toughest competitors in the United States. Both companies beat market estimates easily. Morgan Stanley has started to focus more on wealth management rather than investment banking. Although many analysts believe that currently the only banking sector doing well is investment banking. Additionally, underwriting has gone up almost 30% and mergers and acquisitions have gone up more than 20%, both of which hurt companies such as Morgan Stanley, Shwab, and Merril Lynch. Furthermore, due to the slowing of mortgage financing and limited demand for loans, there is a decrease in revenue for major mortgage banks including JP Morgan. Within its industry Goldman Sachs continues excellence due to it’s strong client management. The stress put on effective management of capitol and regulating expenses is shown across its business. In addition, many smaller financial services companies are withdrawing from Wall Street in 2013 simply because they cannot compete with the capitol power of the major market players. Direct Competitor Comparison| | | GS| JPM| PVT1| MS| Industry| Market Cap:| 66.66B| 178.99B| N/A| 40.36B| 997.91M| Employees:| 32,000| 255,898| N/A| 57,061| 30.00| Qtrly Rev Growth (yoy):| 0.01| 0.01| N/A| 0.18| 0.47| Revenue (ttm):| 34.30B| 90.84B| 27.32B1| 27.38B| 90.52M| Gross Margin (ttm):| 0.91| N/A| N/A| 0.87| 0.53| EBITDA (ttm):| N/A| N/A| N/A| N/A| -575.82K| Operating Margin (ttm):| 0.36| 0.36| N/A| 0.17| 0.26| Net Income (ttm):| 7.37B| 21.43B| 290.00M1| 1.09B| N/A| EPS (ttm):| 14.49| 5.60| N/A| 0.53| 2.04| P/E (ttm):| 9.58| 8.43| N/A| 38.68| 13.71| PEG (5 yr expected):| 1.46| 1.18| N/A| 1.93| 1.97| P/S (ttm):| 1.94| 1.95| N/A| 1.45| 11.02| | | JPM = JPMorgan Chase & Co.| Pvt1 = Merrill Lynch and Co., Inc. (privately held)| MS = Morgan Stanley| Industry = Diversified Investments| 1 = As of 2012 | SWOT Analysis Strengths The three most advantageous strengths that Goldman Sachs has is their position as a global market leader, their international reach, and their talent and business relationships. Earning a market leading position means that they generally have higher margins, revenues and benefits, along with the capability to raise debt at a lower cost. They also tend to be more stable than their competitors. Having international reach gives them the advantage of working with companies that are international and companies based internationally giving them access to a much larger network. Lastly, though the economic meltdown has affected many companies, Goldman Sachs has held tight to its highly talented staffing and maintained it’s business relationships, thus preserving its rock solid foundation. Weaknesses A main weakness that Goldman Sachs unfortunately possesses is that it is concentrated in a few key products. This becomes risky because if one or more of their products goes under, it may take out the whole company. Another weakness they have is their high attrition rates. Although they hire the best and most talented people they often leave with the know how of the company for better jobs and opportunities. Hiring new employees means not only spending more money on training but also wasting valuable time finding the right niche for them in the company. Opportunities There are many opportunities for Goldman Sachs presently. Even though they already have international reach, there is opportunity to expand further. A strong international presence will increase growth and profit, expand the customer base, and lead to more stability. Also the emerging markets profit significant prospect to expand products to developed countries, while bringing in new sources of capitol. Another major opening is the economic slowdown and competitor banckruptcies which should help to eliminate some of their competition. This means that all the companies who can avoid bankruptcy, as Goldman Sachs should be able to do, will have increased profit margins. Less competition also means that there will be more money and higher prices. Threats Although the credit market crisis peaked in 2008, it is still an issue for firms to deal with. The cost of borrowing increases, which lowers margins and limits the free cash flow to shareholders. This coupled with mortgage issues could have prove to be very damaging to firms in this industry. Since mortgage loans are worth their not what it was purchased for but rather an unknown value, this increases uncertainty risk, increases discount rate for future cash flows and decreases stock value. Lastly, to attempt to stop inflation, the threat of a high rise in interest rates could strangle the profit margins of a business quickly, especially if they rely on raising money to finance expenses. Since the financial sector profits from borrowing low and lending high, this would particularly hurt this industry. Porters Five Forces Analysis Bargaining Power of Suppliers For Goldman Sachs their suppliers have little bargaining power because inputs are not a large part of costs. Therefore the firm will have long-term positive impact due to this, adding value to the company. Bargaining Power of Customers Fortunately for Goldman Sachs the customer base is extremely large and the product is tremendously valuable to them. Sincere there are so many customers generally no single one has customer has much bargaining leverage. Also, because the product carries such significance they are willing to pay a higher price, which is good for the firm. Intensity of Existing Competition The financial sector is a large industry which allows for many companies to exist without diminishing too much of the market share from each other. For Goldman Sachs, having many competitors is not necessarily a positive prospect, however having an industry large enough to handle so many firms balances out that negative. Moreover, government regulation limits the competition to an extent and the United States government has been heavily regulating since the recent crash. Threat of Substitutes The major threat of substitute occurs when contemplating alternative investment sources. However, Goldman Sachs is a dominating player in its market. This is especially the case because although mutual funds and hedge funds have given way for investors and individuals to receive higher returns and invest more heavily, they do not have the same level of customer satisfaction. Goldman Sachs prides itself on going above and beyond in creating products and services specifically suited for it’s clients, and making the ultimate customer experience. Threat of New Entrants New entrants in the financial services sector are very limited. High capitol requirements severely affect the plausibility of a company entering this market. Moreover, high sunk costs dissuades firms from entering because there is such a large up front cost with no guarantee for revenue in the future. Lastly, because companies such as Goldman Sachs have such strong brand names their customers tend to be extremely loyal, thus leaving little new customer base for new entrants.

Agriculture Industry Linkages in the Economy of Jammu and Kashmir Essay

Agriculture plays an important role in contributing to socio-economic development in many countries. It is the primary source for employment, livelihood, and food security for the majority of rural people. The success of this continuation depends largely on the direct impact it has on the national economy as well as how the agricultural sector stimulates the growth of other sectors in the economy. Consequently, understanding the role of agriculture and its linkages to the rest of the economy is important. The inter-relationship between agriculture and industry has been a long debated issue in the development literature. In the Indian context the issue has acquired interest since industrial stagnation in the mid 1960s. Over the years the Indian economy has undergone a structural change in its sectoral composition: from a primary agro-based economy during the 1970s, the economy has emerged as predominant in industry. This has triggered an interest in readdressing the analytical and methodological aspects of the interlinkages between the two sectors the service sector since the 1990s. This structural changes and the uneven pattern of growth of agriculture, industry and service sector economy in the post reforms period is likely to appear substantial changes in the production and demand linkages among various the economy. At the same time the growing integration with the rest of the world in the post-reform period (post 1991 period) and the recent spurt of service sector led growth are also likely to have significant impact on the linkages between the agriculture and industry. This has triggered an interest in read dressing the analytical and methodological aspects of the interlinkages between the two sectors. That agriculture and industry being integral component of development process due to their mutual interdependence and symbiotic relationship, the contribution of agriculture to the economy in general and to industry in particular is well known in almost all the developing countries. However, the degree of interdependence may vary and also change over time. In the theory and empirical literature, the inter-relationship between agriculture and industry has been discussed from different channels. First, agriculture supplies food grains to industry to facilitate absorption of labour in the industry sector. Secondly, agriculture supplies the inputs like raw cotton, jute, tea, coffee etc. needed by the agro-based industries. Thirdly, industry supplies industrial inputs, such as fertilizer, pesticides, machinery etc. to the agriculture sector. Fourthly, agriculture influences the output of industrial consumer goods through demand. Fifthly, agriculture generates surpluses of savings, which can be mobilized for investment in industry, and other sectors of the economy. Sixthly, fluctuations in agricultural production may affect private corporate investment decisions through the impact of the terms of trade on profitability, whereas some of these channels emphasize the â€Å"agriculture-industry‟ linkage on the supply side or production side, others stress the linkages through the demand side. The production linkages basically arise from the interdependence of the sectors for meeting the needs of their productive inputs, whereas the demand linkage arises from the interdependence of the sectors for meeting final consumption. Further, the linkages between the two sectors can also be categorized into two groups based on the direction of interdependence. One is the backward linkage, which identifies how a sector depends on others for their input supplies and the other is the forward linkage, which identifies how the sector distributes its outputs to the remaining economy. More importantly, these two linkages can indicate a sector’s economic pull and push, because the direction and level of such linkages present the potential capacity of each sector to stimulate other sectors and then reflect the role of this sector accordingly. As far as Jammu and Kashmir is concerned Agriculture is the predominant sector of the economy. Directly and indirectly, it supports about 80 per cent of the population besides contributing nearly 60 per cent of the state revenue, which adequately explains the over-dependency of the population on agriculture. The overall economic growth of the state depends largely on the progress of the agricultural sector, the development of which becomes even more important in the context of the very nominal progress it has made in the secondary sectors. With the introduction of planned development in the state during 1951-56, production of foodgrains and fruits has increased considerably. During 1998-99, the state produced 15.50 lakh quintals of food grains against 4.53 lakh quintal in 1950-51. Of this, Kashmir region contributed 27.20 per cent, Jammu region 72.14 per cent and Ladakh and Kargil region 0.66 per cent Industries play a vital role in the development of an economy. In this regard unfortunately, J&K has not been able to attract investments in industries and remained as an industrially backward state. The state does not have a strong industrial base, because geographical location of the state is such that the setting up of large industries with a large Capital base is not feasible, besides adverse environmental consequences. Nevertheless, many small and medium-scale industries have come up basically in the traditional sectors along with areas like food processing, agro-based units and metallic and non metallic products. Thus in such an sectoral environment were industrial sector has low opportunity, Agriculture provide basic linkages in its development . Thus the state of Jammu and Kashmir were main source of income is agriculture for masses of people, the linkages between Agriculture and Industry is very important to study in order to know the potential of Agriculture to develop an industrial environment in the state. In mean while it is important to study the dependence of agriculture on industry, so that both sectors will flourish the development in the state of Jammu & Kashmir. The macroeconomic linkage between the agricultural sector and industrial growth has been one of the most widely investigated in the development literature. In the early stages, researchers paid great attention in studying the relationship between the agricultural and industrial sectors, and how these sectors were inter-related. They argued that agriculture only plays a passive role; which is to be the most important source of resources (food, fiber, and raw material) for the development of industry and other nonagricultural sectors (Rosenstein-Rodan, 1943; Lewis, 1954; Ranis and Fei, 1961). Many of these analysts highlighted agriculture for its resource abundance, and its ability to transfer surpluses to the more important industrial sector. India being a predominantly agrarian economy and an agro-based industrial structure, the interrelationship between agriculture and industry has been one of the major issues for the researchers and policy makers since the beginning of the planning period. In the pre and early post-independence period, the industry sector had a close relationship with agriculture due to the agro-based industrial structure (Satyasai and Baidyanathan, 1997). Satyasai and Viswanathan (1999) found that the output elasticity of industry with respect to agriculture was 0.13 during 1950-51 to 1965-66. Rangarajan (1982) has found that a 1.0 percent growth in agricultural production increases industrial production by 0.5 percent, and thus, GDP by 0.7 percent during 1961-1972. However, the industrial sector witnessed a slow growth, stagnation since the mid 1960s, which was largely attributed to the stunnedagricultural growth and favourable agricultural TOT, among other factors (Patnaik, 1972; Nayyar, 1978 and Bhatla, 2003).10 In fact the interdependence between the two sectors has found to be weakened during the 1980s and 1990s (Bhattacharya and Mitra, 1989; Satyasai and Viswanathan, 1997). For instance, Bhattacharya and Rao (1986) have found that the partial output elasticity of industry with respect to agriculture has declined from 0.15 during 1951/52 – 1965/66 to 0.03 during 1966/67-1983/84. Contradictorily, Satyasai and Viswanathan (1999) found that the output elasticity of industry with respect to agriculture has increased from 0.13 during 1950/51-1965/66 to 0.18 during 1966/67–1983/84, and then remained at the same level 0.18 during 1984/85-1996/97. The deteriorating linkages between agriculture and industry have been primarily credited to the deficiency in demand for agricultural products, decline in share of agro-based industries coupled with slow employment growth (Rangarajan, 1982; Bhattacharya and Rao, 1986; and Chowdhury and Chowdhury, 1995). Sastry et al. (2003), for the period 1981-82 to 1999-2000, found that the forward production linkage between agriculture and industry has declined, whereas backward production linkage has increased. They also found significant impact of agricultural output on industrial output, and that agriculture’s demand linkage to industry has declined, while that of from industry to agriculture has increased. Economic and Political Weekly August 26, 1989 1963 wean agriculture and merely the set of industrial consumption goods like clothing, footwear, sugar and edible oils, it may be concluded that the overall intersectoral linkages appear quite modest. The early writers, for example Rosestein-Rodan (1943), Lewis (1954), Scitovosky (1954), Hirchman (1958), Jorgeson (1961), Fei and Ranis (1961) and others emphasized the role of agriculture only as a primary supplier of wage goods and raw materials and abundant labour supply to industry (Johnston and Mellor, 1961 and Vogel, 1994). The role of agriculture in the transformation of a developing economy was seen as ancillary to the central strategy of accelerating the pace of industrialization (Vogel, 1994). Kalecki (1976) also pointed out the importance of investment and technological advances in agriculture for the rapid development of industry. The traditional literature on inter-sectoral linkages in the growth process generally emphasises the role of agriculture as a primary supplier of wage goods and raw materials to industry (supply-linkage on the one hand and as a provider of major output for in- dustrial goods (demand linkage) on the other [Johnston and Mellor, 1961 and tertiary sector in a modern economy. Further, it may be noted that with growing mechanization of agriculture it becomes dependent on industry for basic inputs, like, fertiliser, power, pesticides, etc. Incidentally the agriculture-industry relationship becomes more complicated in this process. A slow growth of net availability of food- grains or alternatively the movement of inter-sectoral terms of trade in favor of the agricultural sector is believed to cause deceleration of the industrial sector. However, empirically speaking there was no slow down in the growth of production of food- grains after the mid-sixties [Ahluwalia: 1985]. Nor was there any fall in the marketed surplus of agriculture [rhamarajakshi: 1977] so as to be related to the industrial decelera- tion. But, so far as the agriculture vis-à  -vis industry terms of trade is concerned, one en- counters a series of mixed evidence. Whe Thamarajakshi [1977], and Mitra [1977] visualised a favouralJe terms of trade for the agricultural sector during the mid-sixties andearly seventies, Khalon and lyagi [1983] obtained evidence that stand quite contrary to others’ view. Mundle [1977], however main- tains that in terms of intersectoral resource flow-of which terms of trade is just a single component-the industrial sector has been undergoing loss since the mid-sixties. Prior to that it was agriculture which was experiencing an outflow of resources. Rangarajan [1982a] in his macro econometric model makes an attempt to capture the demand linkage between agriculture and industry. He identifies a positive impact that agricultural output has on the demand for industrial consumption goods. The effect of foodgrain terms of trade on industrial products has been negative but elasticity is negligible. Both agricultural output and terms of trade had a positive influence on household saving and investment. Keeping in view such segmented impact of agriculture on industry zplaining the behaviour of indugtrial produc- tion purely in terms of agricultural performance .Bhattacharya and Rao [1986] emphasisesthe sluggishness that continued in the per-formance of industry even after the relative relaxation of the wage goods constraint that occurred during the green revolution period. Thus, the theoretical literature in the â€Å"agriculture-industry linkages † has broadly highlighted the place of agriculture and non-agriculture sector, especially industry in the development process and contribution of each in augmenting growth of output and employment. Most of the theoretical literature has largely focused only on one side of the â€Å"agriculture-industry linkages ’’ i.e. either the supply side linkages or demand side linkages. However it is both the demand side and supply side linkages that work together in an inter-sectoral framework, which determines the interlinkages between the two sectors. In this respect Bhaduri (2003) and Bhaduri (2007) are two important contributions in the literature. Bhaduri (2003) extends Kaldor’s model by considering the role of the agricultural surplus from the supply side as well as the importance of the demand side effect for industrial goods. In this set up, both the sectors grow in tandem, reinforcing and reinvigorating each other’s growth impulse, by resolving each other’s potential realization problem (Jha, 2010). Further, Bhaduri et al. (2007) have extended the Kaldor’s model by contrasting between the supply side and demand side linkages of the two sectors from the TOT point of view. Thus there has been lot of researches, publication and models on the topic â€Å"Agriculture industry linkages in the economy† given by many renowned economists, and peoples associated with this field. Everyone concluded that there is an unlimited linkage between two sectors which not only develop one other but also give birth to other sectors as well. Thus to conclude it can be said that in an economy mostly there is a l arge number of linkages originated from a primary level and put economy to those sectors which keep it in the level of developed ones.